Census of Manufacturing Establishments 1996-1997
Nepal, 1998
Created on
Apr 25, 2019
Last modified
Apr 25, 2019
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Identification
Survey ID Number
NPL_1996_CME_v01_M
Title
Census of Manufacturing Establishments 1996-1997
Subtitle
Seventh Round (Quinquinnial Census)
Translated Title
Audhyogik Ganana 2054
Country
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Nepal | NPL |
Study type
Enterprise Census [en/census]
Series Information
The first known exercise in collecting data on artisanship and processing of primary products was undertaken during the time of Rana Prime Minister Juddha Shumsher Rana. But, it was not a nationwide exercise. It was an effort to collect the information on artisanship and mapping the resources available in the vicinity of Kathmandu. Efforts to collect data on industrial activities on a regular basis started only after the formal establishment of the Central Bureau of Statistics as a national agency for collection, management and production of statistics under the Statistical Act, 1958. The first Census of manufacturing Establishments (CME) was carried out in 1964/65 (2022 B.S.). The second census was carried out 8 years later in 1972/73 (2030 B.S.) Thereafter, the CMEs have been carried out in every 5 years intervals. The years of implementation of the CMEs are given below :
First CME - 2022 (1964/65)
Second CME - 2030 (1972/73)
Third CME - 2034 (1976/77)
Fourth CME - 2039 (1981/82)
Fifth CME - 2044 (1986/87)
Sixth CME - 2049 (1991/92)
The CME 1996/97 is the seventh Census of Manufacturing Establishments of Nepal. As seen above, CME has been conducted in the Nepali year ending at 4 and 9. The CME covers all units that engaged 10 or more persons. These units may or may not use power or auto machines in their industrial operations. This coverage is adopted in CMEs since 1991/92. Before 1991/92, i.e., up to the fifth CME, it covers all manufacturing establishments engaging 10 or more persons or using auto machines irrespective of persons engaged.
Main Changes in the census procedures over the years
It has been about 3 decades since the process of census of manufacturing establishments were initiated in the country. There have been considerable changes in the census process and the census coverage. Some of the important changes are described below:
Definition / coverage:
From the very beginning establishments of certain size were covered in the census. The establishments engaging 10 or more persons or using mechanical power were covered till 5th Census. This meant use of automotive machines, irrespective of number of persons engaged qualified the establishment to be brought under the census. In 6th and this census, only the establishments that engaged 10 or more persons were brought within the ambit of the census. This led to the dropping of many units especially rice, dal and oil mills from the census coverage. This was done because it became almost impossible to identify all establishments that used machines. The use of machines was becoming popular even in very small units. Many new household operated units were found using mechanical power.
Data Processing:
The data processing of the first and second censuses was done entirely by hand. The manual processing meant a lot of time taken for bringing out the result and also difficulties associated with preparing the tables. From the third census, CBS started to use modern computing machines. At the initial stages involvement of programmers and processing experts were a must. It would take years to get the data processed and made ready for publication. With the growth of use of micro computers, now the processing time has become very short. Furthermore, the officials of the Bureau can do the processing using the standard statistical programs.
Classification of industries:
In the first four censuses, there was no standard industrial classification. The industries were classified by the CBS without using any internationally acceptable norm or criterion. The CBS first started to use the Industrial classification based on the Nepal Standard Industrial Classification (NSIC), which in turn is based on International Standard Industrial classification(ISIC) in the CME of 1986/87. So the CME was made internationally comparable since the 5th CME. The output tables and indicators of earlier CME could not be meaningfully compared at international levels. The Central Product Classification (CPC) developed by the UN was introduced in the census. So now census inputs and output have become internationally comparable.
Questionnaires and Information Coverage:
It is generally assumed that the census data from one census to another should be comparable. So the information collected and produced by and large has to remain the same. This is done to make the empirical comparison possible. But over the years some added information are collected. Mostly it has been associated with collection of data at disaggregated levels. But in Nepal, the items of data collection have undergone significant changes. The first census of 2022 had 9 main blocks of information enquiries namely, introductory information, capital employed, employment and wages, use of raw materials and semi finished goods, machinery and equipments, use of fuel and electricity, production and sales, miscellaneous expenses and miscellaneous receipts.
Details of this census results can be found in the reports (National, Regional and District) published by CBS in 1998.
First CME - 2022 (1964/65)
Second CME - 2030 (1972/73)
Third CME - 2034 (1976/77)
Fourth CME - 2039 (1981/82)
Fifth CME - 2044 (1986/87)
Sixth CME - 2049 (1991/92)
The CME 1996/97 is the seventh Census of Manufacturing Establishments of Nepal. As seen above, CME has been conducted in the Nepali year ending at 4 and 9. The CME covers all units that engaged 10 or more persons. These units may or may not use power or auto machines in their industrial operations. This coverage is adopted in CMEs since 1991/92. Before 1991/92, i.e., up to the fifth CME, it covers all manufacturing establishments engaging 10 or more persons or using auto machines irrespective of persons engaged.
Main Changes in the census procedures over the years
It has been about 3 decades since the process of census of manufacturing establishments were initiated in the country. There have been considerable changes in the census process and the census coverage. Some of the important changes are described below:
Definition / coverage:
From the very beginning establishments of certain size were covered in the census. The establishments engaging 10 or more persons or using mechanical power were covered till 5th Census. This meant use of automotive machines, irrespective of number of persons engaged qualified the establishment to be brought under the census. In 6th and this census, only the establishments that engaged 10 or more persons were brought within the ambit of the census. This led to the dropping of many units especially rice, dal and oil mills from the census coverage. This was done because it became almost impossible to identify all establishments that used machines. The use of machines was becoming popular even in very small units. Many new household operated units were found using mechanical power.
Data Processing:
The data processing of the first and second censuses was done entirely by hand. The manual processing meant a lot of time taken for bringing out the result and also difficulties associated with preparing the tables. From the third census, CBS started to use modern computing machines. At the initial stages involvement of programmers and processing experts were a must. It would take years to get the data processed and made ready for publication. With the growth of use of micro computers, now the processing time has become very short. Furthermore, the officials of the Bureau can do the processing using the standard statistical programs.
Classification of industries:
In the first four censuses, there was no standard industrial classification. The industries were classified by the CBS without using any internationally acceptable norm or criterion. The CBS first started to use the Industrial classification based on the Nepal Standard Industrial Classification (NSIC), which in turn is based on International Standard Industrial classification(ISIC) in the CME of 1986/87. So the CME was made internationally comparable since the 5th CME. The output tables and indicators of earlier CME could not be meaningfully compared at international levels. The Central Product Classification (CPC) developed by the UN was introduced in the census. So now census inputs and output have become internationally comparable.
Questionnaires and Information Coverage:
It is generally assumed that the census data from one census to another should be comparable. So the information collected and produced by and large has to remain the same. This is done to make the empirical comparison possible. But over the years some added information are collected. Mostly it has been associated with collection of data at disaggregated levels. But in Nepal, the items of data collection have undergone significant changes. The first census of 2022 had 9 main blocks of information enquiries namely, introductory information, capital employed, employment and wages, use of raw materials and semi finished goods, machinery and equipments, use of fuel and electricity, production and sales, miscellaneous expenses and miscellaneous receipts.
Details of this census results can be found in the reports (National, Regional and District) published by CBS in 1998.
Abstract
The Census of Manufacturing Establishments (CME) 1996/97 is the seventh in the series of CMEs carried out in Nepal since 1964/65. The primary objective of CME is to provide updated data on the composition, growth and volume of manufacturing sector. The census is conducted in “Establishment Approach”. The reference period is considered as the fiscal year 1996/97. There were 3557 establishments found operated throughout the country engaging 10 or more persons irrespective of using power machines. Such establishments are called modern manufacturing establishments. Gross value added (GVA) contribution of modern manufacturing sector is Rs. 21,875,315 at current prices.
Following the international practices, the establishments surveyed are classified according to the Nepal Standard Industrial Classification (NSIC) at 4 digit level and designed results accordingly. There are altogether 19 tables presented in the CME final report at national level including employment and earning, fuel, raw material, value of shipment, industrial services and non-industrial services, indirect tax, stocks, capacity utilization, fixed assets.
10 indicators including number of establishments, number of persons engaged, number of employees, wages and salaries, change in stocks at the end of the year, gross addition to fixed assets, gross fixed assets at the end of the year, census input, census output and census value added are defined as principal indicators. The principal indicator tables of Nepal and Urban/Rural are prepared by legal status, ownership, number of persons engaged and size of fixed assets and by NSIC at 4 digit levels in the National Report. But the principal indicator by legal status, ownership, number of persons engaged, and size of fixed assets and by NSIC at 4 digit level are also kept in the District Level report.
Following the international practices, the establishments surveyed are classified according to the Nepal Standard Industrial Classification (NSIC) at 4 digit level and designed results accordingly. There are altogether 19 tables presented in the CME final report at national level including employment and earning, fuel, raw material, value of shipment, industrial services and non-industrial services, indirect tax, stocks, capacity utilization, fixed assets.
10 indicators including number of establishments, number of persons engaged, number of employees, wages and salaries, change in stocks at the end of the year, gross addition to fixed assets, gross fixed assets at the end of the year, census input, census output and census value added are defined as principal indicators. The principal indicator tables of Nepal and Urban/Rural are prepared by legal status, ownership, number of persons engaged and size of fixed assets and by NSIC at 4 digit levels in the National Report. But the principal indicator by legal status, ownership, number of persons engaged, and size of fixed assets and by NSIC at 4 digit level are also kept in the District Level report.
Kind of Data
Census/enumeration data [cen]
Unit of Analysis
Manufacturing establishment
Version
Version Description
Version 1.3: Cleaned, edited and not anonymized for internal use only.
Version Date
1998-07
Scope
Notes
The scope of the CME 1996/97 includes all manufacturing establishments of major division 'D' of International Standard Industrial Classification. In general, manufacturing establishments are classified on the basis of the principal type of products produced. There are 23 Divisions, 53 Groups and 117 Classes of Major Division “D”, that is, "Manufacturing and Recycling" in the NSIC.
With respect to subjects concerned, CME provides following information as included in the questionnaire:
- total number of manufacturing Establishments engaged 10 or more persons
- legal status, ownership and major manufacturing activity of the establishments;
- Employment (no. of employees by sex and citizenship and their emoluments);
- the quantity and value of production, purchase and sale of fuel;
- the quantity and value of raw material purchased by CPC and country
- the quantity and value of production and sale of product by CPC and country;
- the opening and closing stock amount of fuel, raw materials, finished goods, semi - finished goods
- the income from and expenditure of industrial services
- the income from and expenditure of non-industrial services
- the amount of indirect taxes paid; for example: excise duty, import duty, export duty etc
- capital formation and fixed assets; and
- capacity utilizations
With respect to subjects concerned, CME provides following information as included in the questionnaire:
- total number of manufacturing Establishments engaged 10 or more persons
- legal status, ownership and major manufacturing activity of the establishments;
- Employment (no. of employees by sex and citizenship and their emoluments);
- the quantity and value of production, purchase and sale of fuel;
- the quantity and value of raw material purchased by CPC and country
- the quantity and value of production and sale of product by CPC and country;
- the opening and closing stock amount of fuel, raw materials, finished goods, semi - finished goods
- the income from and expenditure of industrial services
- the income from and expenditure of non-industrial services
- the amount of indirect taxes paid; for example: excise duty, import duty, export duty etc
- capital formation and fixed assets; and
- capacity utilizations
Topics
| Topic | Vocabulary | URI |
|---|---|---|
| TRADE, INDUSTRY AND MARKETS [2] | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
Coverage
Geographic Coverage
All 75 Districts of Nepal
Universe
All operational manufacturing establishments during the fiscal year B.S. 2053-54 (Mid July of 1996 to Mid July of 1997) engaging 10 or more persons.
Producers and sponsors
Primary investigators
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Central Bureau of Statistics | National Planning Commission |
Funding Agency/Sponsor
| Name | Abbreviation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Government of Nepal | GON | Funding |
Other Identifications/Acknowledgments
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Federation of Chamber of Commerce | FNCCI | Facilitator |
Data Collection
Dates of Data Collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 1998-01-01 | 1998-04-30 |
Time periods
| Start date | End date |
|---|---|
| 1996-07-16 | 1997-07-15 |
Data Collection Mode
Face-to-face [f2f]; Self-administered
Supervision
Interviews were conducted by trained enumerators of 33 Branch Statistics Offices (BSOs) as 33 teams. The supervision was done jointly by Statistics Officers of BSOs and officials of the Establishment Census and Survey Section (ECSS) of CBS. The role of the BSO officer was to coordinate field data collection activities in their respective districts and report daily progress report to head office CBS. The role of the chief of the ECSS of CBS was to manage and coordinate BSO's work, including logistic support as well as finances.
Data Collection Notes
A pilot survey took place from January 15 to February 15, 1996.
Data Collectors
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| Branch Statistics Offices | BSOs | Central Bureau of Statistics |
Questionnaires
Questionnaires
The questionnaire for the CME is a structured questionnaire based on the Recommendation of Statistics Section, Strategic Research and Economy Branch of UNIDO. It was designed to fulfill the National Accounts requirements. It contains 16 sections as stated below:
1. Introduction
2. Legal Status
3. Ownership
4. Major Activity
5. Employment
6. Production, Purchase and Sale of Fuels
7. Expenditure Paid for Industrial Services
8. Cost of Raw Materials Purchased
9. Production and Product Sold
10. Income Received from Industrial Services
11. Stock
12. Expenses for Non-Industrial Services
13. Indirect Taxes
14. Income Received from Non-Industrial Services
15. Fixed Assets
16. Production Capacity Utilization
1. Introduction
2. Legal Status
3. Ownership
4. Major Activity
5. Employment
6. Production, Purchase and Sale of Fuels
7. Expenditure Paid for Industrial Services
8. Cost of Raw Materials Purchased
9. Production and Product Sold
10. Income Received from Industrial Services
11. Stock
12. Expenses for Non-Industrial Services
13. Indirect Taxes
14. Income Received from Non-Industrial Services
15. Fixed Assets
16. Production Capacity Utilization
Data Processing
Data Editing
A control form was used to verify establishment level input-output ratio as well as profit or loss status of the establishment at data collection stage. The data collection work was done only by the experienced permanent staff of CBS and its field offices. They were trained by the census officials of CBS worked in the head office. Statistical officers of branch offices were considered as supervisor of the census.
During Data entry, many range checks were introduced to minimize range errors. Some cross checks were used to control errors relating to the universe and pre-question of the entry variable during data entry. One big batch edit file with many edit commands were run and verify the observed missing or overvalued or undervalued data mostly by contacting the respondent of the establishment by telephone.
To establish consistency between the CPC of data recorded in section 9 of the questionnaire and NSIC of section 4, grouping of raw materials and products was made by CPC to make one to one correspondence with NSIC.
During Data entry, many range checks were introduced to minimize range errors. Some cross checks were used to control errors relating to the universe and pre-question of the entry variable during data entry. One big batch edit file with many edit commands were run and verify the observed missing or overvalued or undervalued data mostly by contacting the respondent of the establishment by telephone.
To establish consistency between the CPC of data recorded in section 9 of the questionnaire and NSIC of section 4, grouping of raw materials and products was made by CPC to make one to one correspondence with NSIC.
Other Processing
Coding work was done in ECSS of CBS. NSIC and CPC coding schemes were used. Altogether, 3 statistical assistants were involved in the coding and checking of the price of each fuel, raw material and product under the direct supervision of a statistical officer.
During data entry in Access application, necessary checks and controls was administered for each section. Data were processed by NSIC and establishments separately. Several copies of simplified correspondence tables of NSIC and CPC were prepared and used by every data editor, supervisor of the editors and data entry operators. Only two computers were used for data entry which was done at CBS. SPSS 7 version was used to compile and analyze the data.
During data entry in Access application, necessary checks and controls was administered for each section. Data were processed by NSIC and establishments separately. Several copies of simplified correspondence tables of NSIC and CPC were prepared and used by every data editor, supervisor of the editors and data entry operators. Only two computers were used for data entry which was done at CBS. SPSS 7 version was used to compile and analyze the data.
Data Appraisal
Data Appraisal
CME 1996/97 data appraisal may be categorized by 3 stages: Pilot survey, data collection and entry/processing.
A pilot survey was conducted in 1996. A technical committee headed by the Director General of CBS was formed to supervise, suggest, control and review the overall process of the census from questionnaire design to data dissemination.
A control form was used to verify establishment level input-output ratio as well as profit or loss status of the establishment at data collection stage. The data collection work was done only by the experienced permanent staff of CBS and its field offices. They were trained by the census officials of CBS worked in the head office. Statistical officers of branch offices were considered as supervisor of the census.
During Data entry, many range checks were introduced to minimize range errors. Some cross checks were used to control errors relating to the universe and pre-question of the entry variable during data entry. One big batch edit file with many edit commands were run and verify the observed missing or overvalued or undervalued data mostly by contacting the respondent of the establishment by telephone.
To establish consistency between the CPC of data recorded in section 9 of the questionnaire and NSIC of section 4, grouping of raw materials and products was made by CPC to make one to one correspondence with NSIC.
After entering and editing data in ACCESS, frequencies and percentage distribution of the principal indicators like total number of establishment, total number of persons engaged, total number of employees, value of input, value of output, value added by NSIC, ecological belts, development regions, districts were tabulated and compared with that of previous census. Further, average output, value added, number of persons engaged, number of employees and fixed asset per establishment were calculated and discussed before finalizing the report of the census in the technical committee. Final results were immediately published when technical committee approved.
A pilot survey was conducted in 1996. A technical committee headed by the Director General of CBS was formed to supervise, suggest, control and review the overall process of the census from questionnaire design to data dissemination.
A control form was used to verify establishment level input-output ratio as well as profit or loss status of the establishment at data collection stage. The data collection work was done only by the experienced permanent staff of CBS and its field offices. They were trained by the census officials of CBS worked in the head office. Statistical officers of branch offices were considered as supervisor of the census.
During Data entry, many range checks were introduced to minimize range errors. Some cross checks were used to control errors relating to the universe and pre-question of the entry variable during data entry. One big batch edit file with many edit commands were run and verify the observed missing or overvalued or undervalued data mostly by contacting the respondent of the establishment by telephone.
To establish consistency between the CPC of data recorded in section 9 of the questionnaire and NSIC of section 4, grouping of raw materials and products was made by CPC to make one to one correspondence with NSIC.
After entering and editing data in ACCESS, frequencies and percentage distribution of the principal indicators like total number of establishment, total number of persons engaged, total number of employees, value of input, value of output, value added by NSIC, ecological belts, development regions, districts were tabulated and compared with that of previous census. Further, average output, value added, number of persons engaged, number of employees and fixed asset per establishment were calculated and discussed before finalizing the report of the census in the technical committee. Final results were immediately published when technical committee approved.
Access policy
Access authority
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Director General | Central Bureau of Statistics | archive@cbs.gov.np | http://cbs.gov.np/?page_id=17 |
| Director, Publication, Dissemination & Library Section | Central Bureau of Statistics | archive@cbs.gov.np | http://cbs.gov.np/?page_id=17 |
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Director, Establishment Census & Survey Section | Central Bureau of Statistics | industry@cbs.gov.np | http://cbs.gov.np/?page_id=17 |
| The World Bank Microdata Libaray | microdat.worldbank.org | http://microdata.worldbank.org |
Confidentiality
Confidentiality of the respondents is guaranteed by Article 8 of Statistics Act 1958.
Restriction on publication of information and details
Any information or details relating to any person, family, firm or company, which have been supplied, obtained or prepared pursuant to Section 3 or Section 4 or Section 5 or Section 6 or Section 7 or any part of such information or details, shall not be disclosed or published directly except to the Director General or to any other officer of the Bureau without the written permission of the person or of his or her authorized representative supplying such information or details.
For the purpose of institution of any suit under this Act, nothing mentioned in Sub-section (1) shall be deemed to bar the production of such information before any court.
Access conditions
The dataset has been anonymized and is available as a Public Use Dataset. It is accessible to all users for statistical and research purposes only, under the following terms and conditions:
1. The data and other materials will not be redistributed or sold to other individuals, institutions, or organizations without the written agreement of the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS).
2. The data will be used for statistical and scientific research purposes only. They will be used solely for reporting of aggregated information, and not for investigation of specific individuals or organizations.
3. No attempt will be made to re-identify respondents, and no use will be made of the identity of any person or establishment discovered inadvertently. Any such discovery would immediately be reported to the CBS.
4. No attempt will be made to produce links among datasets provided by the CBS or among data from the CBS and other datasets that could identify individuals or organizations.
5. Any books, articles, conference papers, theses, dissertations, reports, or other publications that employ data obtained from the CBS will cite the source of data in accordance with the Citation Requirement provided with each dataset.
6. An electronic copy of all reports and publications based on the requested data will be sent to the CBS.
1. The data and other materials will not be redistributed or sold to other individuals, institutions, or organizations without the written agreement of the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS).
2. The data will be used for statistical and scientific research purposes only. They will be used solely for reporting of aggregated information, and not for investigation of specific individuals or organizations.
3. No attempt will be made to re-identify respondents, and no use will be made of the identity of any person or establishment discovered inadvertently. Any such discovery would immediately be reported to the CBS.
4. No attempt will be made to produce links among datasets provided by the CBS or among data from the CBS and other datasets that could identify individuals or organizations.
5. Any books, articles, conference papers, theses, dissertations, reports, or other publications that employ data obtained from the CBS will cite the source of data in accordance with the Citation Requirement provided with each dataset.
6. An electronic copy of all reports and publications based on the requested data will be sent to the CBS.
Citation requirements
Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include:
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download
Example:
Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Nepal. Census of Manufacturing Establishments 1996/97. Dataset downloaded from http://cbs.gov.np/nada/index.php/catalog on [date].
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download
Example:
Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Nepal. Census of Manufacturing Establishments 1996/97. Dataset downloaded from http://cbs.gov.np/nada/index.php/catalog on [date].
Disclaimer and copyrights
Disclaimer
The Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal bears no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon any type of use of the data.
Metadata production
DDI Document ID
DDI_NPL_1996_CME_v01_M
Producers
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Establishment Census and Survey Section | ECSS | Central Bureau of Statistics | Documentation of the study |
Date of Metadata Production
2012-03-21
DDI Document version
Version 1.0 - Central Bureau of Statistics - Original documentation of the study.
Version 2.0 - Edited version by ADP based on Version 1.0 of CBS downloaded from http://cbs.gov.np/nada/index.php/catalog on 19 February 2013.
Version 2.0 - Edited version by ADP based on Version 1.0 of CBS downloaded from http://cbs.gov.np/nada/index.php/catalog on 19 February 2013.